[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":621},["ShallowReactive",2],{"microcopies":3,"page-data-\u002Feye-health\u002Feye-anatomy":9},{"of":4,"jumpToSection":5,"home":6,"availableAt":7,"accessedUpdated":8},"of","Jump to section","Home","Available at","Accessed",{"queryData":10,"breadcrumbTrail":620},{"contentPage":11},{"entryTitle":12,"pageTitle":13,"seoMetaData":14,"topSection":18,"bottomSection":30,"anchors":44,"mainSectionCollection":72},"en-GB - Eye Health - Eye anatomy - Content Page","Eye Anatomy | How the Eye Works",{"metaDescription":15,"indexed":16,"follow":16,"metaKeywords":17,"updatedForProjectAlphabet":16},"Discover how your eye works with our comprehensive guide to eye anatomy. Learn about each part of the eyeball and how they work together.",true,null,{"__typename":19,"sys":20,"title":22,"subtitle":23,"theme":24,"heroHeightVersion":25,"button":26},"HeroBanner",{"id":21},"tag18TF1xqfejeqWBnfij","Eye Anatomy","Discover how your eye works with our comprehensive guide to eye anatomy. Learn about each part of the eyeball and how they work together. 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Your eye is like a tiny camera, and every part plays a role in helping you see.",{"__typename":82,"sys":83,"theme":84,"genericTextComponent":85},"ContentTypeRichText",{"id":56},"Cool Blue",{"json":86,"links":191},{"data":87,"content":88,"nodeType":190},{},[89,97,105,113,120,127,134,141,148,155,162,169,176,183],{"data":90,"content":91,"nodeType":96},{},[92],{"data":93,"marks":94,"value":53,"nodeType":95},{},[],"text","heading-2",{"data":98,"content":99,"nodeType":104},{},[100],{"data":101,"marks":102,"value":103,"nodeType":95},{},[],"To understand how the eye works, it helps to follow how light travels through your eye. ","paragraph",{"data":106,"content":107,"nodeType":112},{},[108],{"data":109,"marks":110,"value":111,"nodeType":95},{},[],"Cornea ","heading-3",{"data":114,"content":115,"nodeType":104},{},[116],{"data":117,"marks":118,"value":119,"nodeType":95},{},[],"This is a see-through, dome-shaped front layer that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. It provides about 70% of your eye's focusing power by refracting (bending) light as it enters. Irregularities in the cornea's shape can cause astigmatism, where light doesn't focus properly on the retina. ",{"data":121,"content":122,"nodeType":112},{},[123],{"data":124,"marks":125,"value":126,"nodeType":95},{},[],"Iris and pupil ",{"data":128,"content":129,"nodeType":104},{},[130],{"data":131,"marks":132,"value":133,"nodeType":95},{},[],"The iris is the coloured part of your eye containing muscles that control the pupil size. The pupil is the dark opening that allows light to enter. In bright conditions, the pupil constricts (gets narrower); in dim light, it dilates (gets wider) to let more light in. ",{"data":135,"content":136,"nodeType":112},{},[137],{"data":138,"marks":139,"value":140,"nodeType":95},{},[],"Lens ",{"data":142,"content":143,"nodeType":104},{},[144],{"data":145,"marks":146,"value":147,"nodeType":95},{},[],"Located behind the iris, the lens provides 30% of your eye's focusing power and can change shape for near and distance vision. As we age, the lens loses flexibility, leading to presbyopia, where near vision becomes difficult. ",{"data":149,"content":150,"nodeType":112},{},[151],{"data":152,"marks":153,"value":154,"nodeType":95},{},[],"Retina ",{"data":156,"content":157,"nodeType":104},{},[158],{"data":159,"marks":160,"value":161,"nodeType":95},{},[],"The light-sensitive tissue lining the back of your eye that converts light into electrical signals. The retina contains photoreceptors (rods and cones) that detect light and colour, sending signals via the optic nerve to your brain. ",{"data":163,"content":164,"nodeType":112},{},[165],{"data":166,"marks":167,"value":168,"nodeType":95},{},[],"Aqueous Humour ",{"data":170,"content":171,"nodeType":104},{},[172],{"data":173,"marks":174,"value":175,"nodeType":95},{},[],"This is the clear fluid filling the front chambers of your eye. It maintains eye pressure, provides nutrients to tissues without blood vessels, and removes waste. Problems with drainage can lead to glaucoma. ",{"data":177,"content":178,"nodeType":112},{},[179],{"data":180,"marks":181,"value":182,"nodeType":95},{},[],"Vitreous Humour ",{"data":184,"content":185,"nodeType":104},{},[186],{"data":187,"marks":188,"value":189,"nodeType":95},{},[],"This gel-like substance fills the large cavity behind the lens. It helps maintain the eye's shape and allows light to pass through to the retina. Changes with age can cause floaters and flashes.","document",{"entries":192},{"block":193},[],{"__typename":195,"sys":196,"title":198,"body":199,"imageAltText":200,"theme":201,"imageMobileTablet":202,"imageDesktop":204,"buttonsCollection":206},"SplitBanner",{"id":197},"4fT9uhhv8gsCWbft8wryV5","Do these symptoms sound familiar?","If you have experienced any of the symptoms mentioned above it's worth booking an appointment with one of our optometrists.","An optician delivers an eye test to a customer","Aloe Green",{"url":203},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fzcryw81f0g1x\u002F3YtjE1RIi3ELfhdPGTDHkA\u002Fabb782bb611c9ec4d2ff0f4e0d803198\u002FClinical-Shoot-2003---Eye-Test-1---1536x864.jpg",{"url":205},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fzcryw81f0g1x\u002F7hJUdeEsd53lRq2Gqrd11i\u002Fc253b9299edbd53d85f6cb528dd842d3\u002FClinical-Shoot-2003---Eye-Test-1---940x1000.jpg",{"items":207},[208],{"linkText":209,"linkUrl":28,"openLinkInANewBrowserTab":29},"Book an eye test",{"__typename":82,"sys":211,"theme":212,"genericTextComponent":213},{"id":61},"Mono White",{"json":214,"links":231},{"nodeType":190,"data":215,"content":216},{},[217,224],{"nodeType":96,"data":218,"content":219},{},[220],{"nodeType":95,"value":221,"marks":222,"data":223},"What causes eye problems?",[],{},{"nodeType":104,"data":225,"content":226},{},[227],{"nodeType":95,"value":228,"marks":229,"data":230},"Problems with eye anatomy can affect different parts of your vision system. Issues with the cornea or lens can cause focusing problems, while retinal conditions can affect how light is processed. Understanding the anatomy of eye structures helps explain why conditions develop and how they're treated. \n",[],{},{"entries":232},{"block":233},[],{"__typename":82,"sys":235,"theme":84,"genericTextComponent":236},{"id":66},{"json":237,"links":315},{"data":238,"content":239,"nodeType":190},{},[240,247,254,299,308],{"data":241,"content":242,"nodeType":96},{},[243],{"data":244,"marks":245,"value":246,"nodeType":95},{},[],"How are eye problems treated?",{"data":248,"content":249,"nodeType":104},{},[250],{"data":251,"marks":252,"value":253,"nodeType":95},{},[],"An optometrist can diagnose eye problems by examining all parts of your eye anatomy. They use specialised equipment to look at the front and back of your eye, test your vision, and check how well your eye muscles work together.  ",{"data":255,"content":256,"nodeType":298},{},[257,268,278,288],{"data":258,"content":259,"nodeType":267},{},[260],{"data":261,"content":262,"nodeType":104},{},[263],{"data":264,"marks":265,"value":266,"nodeType":95},{},[],"Regular eye tests help detect problems early when treatment is most effective. ","list-item",{"data":269,"content":270,"nodeType":267},{},[271],{"data":272,"content":273,"nodeType":104},{},[274],{"data":275,"marks":276,"value":277,"nodeType":95},{},[],"Patient history: Your optometrist will ask about your symptoms, any previous eye problems, and your general health to understand your eye health. ",{"data":279,"content":280,"nodeType":267},{},[281],{"data":282,"content":283,"nodeType":104},{},[284],{"data":285,"marks":286,"value":287,"nodeType":95},{},[],"Vision testing: Comprehensive tests check how well each part of your visual system works, including tests for refractive errors and colour vision. ",{"data":289,"content":290,"nodeType":267},{},[291],{"data":292,"content":293,"nodeType":104},{},[294],{"data":295,"marks":296,"value":297,"nodeType":95},{},[],"Eye examination: Using specialised equipment to examine the cornea, lens, retina, and optic nerve for signs of disease or damage.","unordered-list",{"data":300,"content":306,"nodeType":307},{"target":301},{"sys":302},{"id":303,"type":304,"linkType":305},"7LVlKnw0P7kN3T1LzG9EEh","Link","Entry",[],"embedded-entry-block",{"data":309,"content":310,"nodeType":104},{},[311],{"data":312,"marks":313,"value":314,"nodeType":95},{},[],"",{"entries":316},{"block":317},[318],{"__typename":304,"sys":319,"linkText":209,"linkUrl":28,"openLinkInANewBrowserTab":29},{"id":303},{"__typename":82,"sys":321,"theme":212,"genericTextComponent":322},{"id":71},{"json":323,"links":347},{"data":324,"content":325,"nodeType":190},{},[326,333,340],{"data":327,"content":328,"nodeType":96},{},[329],{"data":330,"marks":331,"value":332,"nodeType":95},{},[],"Can eye problems be prevented?",{"data":334,"content":335,"nodeType":104},{},[336],{"data":337,"marks":338,"value":339,"nodeType":95},{},[],"While not all eye problems can be prevented, you can take steps to protect your eye anatomy and reduce your risk. This includes wearing sunglasses to protect from UV damage, eating a healthy diet rich in vitamins, not smoking, and having regular eye tests to detect problems early. ",{"data":341,"content":342,"nodeType":104},{},[343],{"data":344,"marks":345,"value":346,"nodeType":95},{},[],"\n",{"entries":348},{"block":349},[],{"__typename":351,"sys":352,"title":354,"theme":355,"expandFirstRow":29,"accordionEntriesCollection":356},"Accordion",{"id":353},"fMcQYV52oC44rRFGIj4OB","Eye anatomy FAQs:","Grey",{"items":357},[358,374,389,404,419,434,449,464],{"__typename":359,"sys":360,"panel":362,"link":17,"faqCategory":17,"header":373},"Faq",{"id":361},"7AYTwtjjfr0WSOLN8Zmg3p",{"json":363},{"nodeType":190,"data":364,"content":365},{},[366],{"nodeType":104,"data":367,"content":368},{},[369],{"nodeType":95,"value":370,"marks":371,"data":372},"The main parts include the cornea (clear front layer), iris (coloured part), pupil (opening), lens (focusing element), retina (light-sensitive back layer), macula (central vision area), optic nerve (connection to the brain), and supporting structures like muscles and fluids. ",[],{},"What are the main parts of the eye?",{"__typename":359,"sys":375,"panel":377,"link":17,"faqCategory":17,"header":388},{"id":376},"3ZPgLH6w7mmYHGT9R3vHx",{"json":378},{"nodeType":190,"data":379,"content":380},{},[381],{"nodeType":104,"data":382,"content":383},{},[384],{"nodeType":95,"value":385,"marks":386,"data":387},"The iris is found behind the cornea and in front of the lens. It's the coloured part that gives you your distinctive eye colour and controls the pupil size to regulate light entry. ",[],{},"Where is the iris found in the eye?",{"__typename":359,"sys":390,"panel":392,"link":17,"faqCategory":17,"header":403},{"id":391},"kcDBzO9x8fWwW8QnJp71q",{"json":393},{"nodeType":190,"data":394,"content":395},{},[396],{"nodeType":104,"data":397,"content":398},{},[399],{"nodeType":95,"value":400,"marks":401,"data":402},"The aqueous humour is a clear fluid that fills the front chambers of your eye. It maintains eye pressure, provides nutrients to tissues without blood vessels, and removes waste products.",[],{},"What is the aqueous humour?",{"__typename":359,"sys":405,"panel":407,"link":17,"faqCategory":17,"header":418},{"id":406},"4Q3OOtXcaqFHwXn00mx3S2",{"json":408},{"nodeType":190,"data":409,"content":410},{},[411],{"nodeType":104,"data":412,"content":413},{},[414],{"nodeType":95,"value":415,"marks":416,"data":417},"Six extraocular muscles control eye movement: four rectus muscles move the eye up, down, inward, and outward, while two oblique muscles provide rotational movements. They must work in perfect coordination.  ",[],{},"How do the eye anatomy muscles work?",{"__typename":359,"sys":420,"panel":422,"link":17,"faqCategory":17,"header":433},{"id":421},"B6btMYKR4GsrMaqfgxVPj",{"json":423},{"nodeType":190,"data":424,"content":425},{},[426],{"nodeType":104,"data":427,"content":428},{},[429],{"nodeType":95,"value":430,"marks":431,"data":432},"The cornea is the fixed front layer providing 70% of focusing power, while the lens is behind the iris, providing 30% and can change shape for near and distance vision.",[],{},"What's the difference between the cornea and lens?",{"__typename":359,"sys":435,"panel":437,"link":17,"faqCategory":17,"header":448},{"id":436},"3NDKqMx9C9Fj3OPMqyz9UM",{"json":438},{"nodeType":190,"data":439,"content":440},{},[441],{"nodeType":104,"data":442,"content":443},{},[444],{"nodeType":95,"value":445,"marks":446,"data":447},"The macula is the small, central area of the retina responsible for detailed central vision, allowing you to read, recognise faces, and see fine detail. ",[],{},"What does the macula do?",{"__typename":359,"sys":450,"panel":452,"link":17,"faqCategory":17,"header":463},{"id":451},"3T5OmUeAXkMkC1Bm58err9",{"json":453},{"nodeType":190,"data":454,"content":455},{},[456],{"nodeType":104,"data":457,"content":458},{},[459],{"nodeType":95,"value":460,"marks":461,"data":462},"The optic nerve carries visual information from the retina to your brain, where it’s processed into the images you see.  ",[],{},"What is the optic nerve’s function?",{"__typename":359,"sys":465,"panel":467,"link":17,"faqCategory":17,"header":478},{"id":466},"saiHPPfI5cU5uQoijEl74",{"json":468},{"nodeType":190,"data":469,"content":470},{},[471],{"nodeType":104,"data":472,"content":473},{},[474],{"nodeType":95,"value":475,"marks":476,"data":477},"The iris muscles contract or relax to make the pupil smaller in bright light and larger in dim light, helping control how much light enters the eye.",[],{},"How does the pupil change size?",{"__typename":480,"sys":481,"title":483,"backgroundTheme":484,"authorEntriesCollection":485},"AuthorContainer",{"id":482},"1K9CpO9GoJ51VfEHMg7YPV","Written by our experts for peace of mind","Green",{"items":486},[487],{"authorBiography":488,"authorName":499,"authorQualification":500,"authorPhoto":501},{"json":489},{"nodeType":190,"data":490,"content":491},{},[492],{"nodeType":104,"data":493,"content":494},{},[495],{"nodeType":95,"value":496,"marks":497,"data":498},"Ross is an experienced optometrist having graduated in 2007 from Bradford University. He is also ophthalmic director of Specsavers Swaledale with Northallerton & Thirsk, a pre-registration supervisor, professional advancement consultant, and a WOPEC Lead Assessor. He has previously worked as Director of Optometry Advancement for Specsavers and as a columnist for Optician & ProFile magazine.",[],{},"Ross Campbell","BSc Hons MCOptom Prof Cert Glauc Prof Cert Med Ret",{"url":502},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fzcryw81f0g1x\u002F5mrcuMDlru21b9LMMuIQn7\u002F34dcf1c5e9fe3ed41c4ea4077537d61f\u002FRoss_Campbell_Northallerton.jpg",{"__typename":504,"sys":505,"title":507,"body":508,"backgroundTheme":355,"actionCardEntriesCollection":509},"ActionCardBanner",{"id":506},"7Ijhn0l7qHg1xD5eMt1k5T","Related conditions","Not sure if this is what you’re experiencing? Explore some related conditions:",{"items":510},[511,516,520],{"image":17,"title":512,"body":513,"imageAltText":17,"linkText":514,"linkUrl":515,"openLinkInANewBrowserTab":29},"Blurry Vision","Blurry vision is not an eye condition itself, it’s usually a symptom of an underlying condition or a sign that your glasses or contact lenses may need updating.","Find out more","\u002Feye-health\u002Fblurry-vision",{"image":17,"title":517,"body":518,"imageAltText":17,"linkText":514,"linkUrl":519,"openLinkInANewBrowserTab":29},"Squint","A squint, also known as strabismus, occurs when a person’s eyes point in different directions.","\u002Feye-health\u002Fsquint-or-strabismus",{"image":17,"title":521,"body":522,"imageAltText":17,"linkText":514,"linkUrl":523,"openLinkInANewBrowserTab":29},"Astigmatism","This is simply an imperfection in the shape of your eye that affects how you see.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.specsavers.ie\u002Feye-health\u002Fastigmatism",{"__typename":504,"sys":525,"title":527,"body":17,"backgroundTheme":528,"actionCardEntriesCollection":529},{"id":526},"keqiwluN3uCiUw39HKjMx","Find out more about eye care services","White",{"items":530},[531,538,543],{"title":532,"body":533,"imageAltText":534,"linkText":535,"linkUrl":43,"openLinkInANewBrowserTab":29,"image":536},"All eye conditions","Read more information about all eye conditions.","Women using a slit lamp","View all eye conditions",{"url":537},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fzcryw81f0g1x\u002F4cwFJgHB9BHy1B690ebBQ0\u002Fc02de50880709bc238812946c93ccfea\u002FDAY_2_SLIT_LAMP_TEST_117-150DPI.jpg",{"title":209,"body":539,"imageAltText":540,"linkText":209,"linkUrl":28,"openLinkInANewBrowserTab":29,"image":541},"Book an appointment at your local Specsavers store.","Man having an OCT scan",{"url":542},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fzcryw81f0g1x\u002F5T3QokGERAThYXwgmSXxFq\u002F2456853b7550d03764f544496176b83e\u002Fmodule_hero__16x9_oct_sight_test_no-derivative.jpg",{"title":544,"body":545,"imageAltText":546,"linkText":514,"linkUrl":547,"openLinkInANewBrowserTab":29,"image":548},"All about eye tests","Everything you need to know about getting your eyes tested.","Women using a phoropter","\u002Feye-test",{"url":549},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fzcryw81f0g1x\u002F5zSdFZFmwKx4bFKCWIm9A9\u002F142dfde2099cab8de29510ab68f4b17b\u002FDAY_1_SNELLEN_11-72DPI.jpg",{"__typename":551,"sys":552,"title":554,"theme":528,"listType":555,"expandAccordion":29,"accordionEntriesCollection":556},"SingleRowAccordion",{"id":553},"7BEzgMm3fuPQSRDjZ0nfEW","References","Numbered",{"items":557},[558,567,573,580,587,594,601,607,613],{"__typename":559,"sys":560,"citationAuthor":562,"citationYear":563,"citationDescription":564,"citationUrl":565,"citationAccessedUpdatedDate":566},"Citation",{"id":561},"2aLqPrGXiCcOPR3yka3SRx","Rehman, I.",2023,"Anatomy, Head and Neck, Eye. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Available at:","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fbooks\u002FNBK482428\u002F","2025-08-17T00:00:00.000Z",{"__typename":559,"sys":568,"citationAuthor":570,"citationYear":17,"citationDescription":571,"citationUrl":572,"citationAccessedUpdatedDate":566},{"id":569},"5A1uX5tEJ8lneFLVSJekds","Neuroscience","Anatomy of the Eye. NCBI Bookshelf. Available at:","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fbooks\u002FNBK11120\u002F",{"__typename":559,"sys":574,"citationAuthor":576,"citationYear":577,"citationDescription":578,"citationUrl":579,"citationAccessedUpdatedDate":566},{"id":575},"6Ou7AF8fGu9DoLkgDhClLj","Kolb, H.",2007,"Gross Anatomy of the Eye. In: Webvision: The Organization of the Retina and Visual System. University of Utah. Available at:","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fbooks\u002FNBK11534\u002F",{"__typename":559,"sys":581,"citationAuthor":583,"citationYear":584,"citationDescription":585,"citationUrl":586,"citationAccessedUpdatedDate":566},{"id":582},"56TqsNeFR4JIjMrzAOoJ9z","Kels, B.D.",2015,"‘Human ocular anatomy’, Clinical Anatomy, 28(1), pp. 71–99. Available at:","https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F25704934\u002F",{"__typename":559,"sys":588,"citationAuthor":590,"citationYear":591,"citationDescription":592,"citationUrl":593,"citationAccessedUpdatedDate":566},{"id":589},"5gVKPoLYHcoW8EkTpGTfkl","Willoughby, C.E.",2010,"‘Anatomy and physiology of the human eye: effects on ocular physiology’, Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology, 38(2), pp. 93–101. Available at:","https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1442-9071.2010.02363.x",{"__typename":559,"sys":595,"citationAuthor":597,"citationYear":598,"citationDescription":599,"citationUrl":600,"citationAccessedUpdatedDate":566},{"id":596},"5SHE6MRG9a9gdmRCnuZQ9K","Ludwig, P.E.",2024,"Physiology, Eye. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Available at:","https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F29262001\u002F",{"__typename":559,"sys":602,"citationAuthor":604,"citationYear":17,"citationDescription":605,"citationUrl":606,"citationAccessedUpdatedDate":566},{"id":603},"2N0OXTBTbheR3Kv15Jsuuj","Kenhub"," ‘Eye anatomy: Muscles, arteries, nerves and lacrimal gland’. Kenhub. Available at:","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.kenhub.com\u002Fen\u002Flibrary\u002Fanatomy\u002Feye-anatomy",{"__typename":559,"sys":608,"citationAuthor":610,"citationYear":563,"citationDescription":611,"citationUrl":612,"citationAccessedUpdatedDate":566},{"id":609},"2lie1Y3lj5lNMekf4aujBE","American Academy of Ophthalmology","‘Eye Anatomy: Parts of the Eye and How We See’. AAO. Available at:","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.aao.org\u002Feye-health\u002Fanatomy\u002Fparts-of-eye",{"__typename":559,"sys":614,"citationAuthor":616,"citationYear":617,"citationDescription":618,"citationUrl":619,"citationAccessedUpdatedDate":566},{"id":615},"58hOkztGuPp4g2GPAllxK1","Cleveland Clinic",2021,"‘Eyes: How They Work, Anatomy & Common Conditions’. Cleveland Clinic. Available at:","https:\u002F\u002Fmy.clevelandclinic.org\u002Fhealth\u002Fbody\u002F21823-eyes",[17,17],1787475854092]